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And because the symptoms look like a dozen other conditions, patients get shuffled from specialist to specialist with no answers

Dogs with a B12 deficiency and/or anemia may have one or more of the following symptoms: lack of energy weakness reduced interest in play loss of appetite diarrhea weight loss loss of muscle mass confusion seizures What Causes B12 Deficiency in Dogs

Mullally, Jamie A
That matters because the microbiome helps train immune cells and affects inflammation

There's also a question about the relevance of rodent nasal anatomy to human nasal anatomy

Nicotinamide facilitates energy production and cell repair