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330 Insulin signaling Insulin regulates glucose metabolism, neuronal growth and survival, synaptic plasticity, and cognition, 331,332,333 functions closely linked to two main insulin signaling pathways: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and Ras/Raf-MAPK

Jin H, Jiao Y, Guo L, et al

Cell Tissue Res 326 , 457482 (2006)

Patient-derived organoids Organoids are increasingly being developed and used for brain tumor investigations

Up-regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling by 17-estradiol through activation of estrogen receptor-, but not estrogen receptor-, and stimulates cell growth in breast cancer cells

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