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[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 497.Esposito, K

Subjects were instructed to only ascend or descend in response to an audible metronome beep at a cadence of one second downward followed by one second upward

Experimental groups and numbers of animals

A 2023 study published in Advanced Science showed that MSCs exosomes can upregulate the expression of PGC-1 in host cells, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, and by delivering antioxidant proteins (such as SOD2) clear ROS, restoring mitochondrial membrane potential (88)

However, the complexity of macrophages in vivo, which represents a continuum of cellular states with distinct features and functions, is not fully reflected by this phenotype